Cogeneration: A Successful Response to the Energy Crisis?

This article examines the concept of cogeneration, a term for the simultaneous production of both electricity and other useful energy in a single facility by a cascading use of heat energy. It analyzes the rise of cogeneration through the lens of the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 ( PURPA ), enacted by Congress to improve the distribution of electric energy and encourage the conservation of resources, as well as the efforts of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ( FERC ) to encourage cogeneration. This article discusses a number of the issues raised and left unresolved by this federal policy of encouraging the development of cogeneration energy sources. It describes the attraction of cogeneration in an era of rising energy costs, and then goes on to discuss the legislative and administrative responses to the prospect of expanded cogeneration. Finally, it explores the impact of cogeneration on utilities, as well as the efects of the policy on regulatory control of utilities

Cogeneration: A Successful Response to the Energy Crisis?

This article examines the concept of cogeneration, a term for the simultaneous production of both electricity and other useful energy in a single facility by a cascading use of heat energy. It analyzes the rise of cogeneration through the lens of the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 ( PURPA ), enacted by Congress to improve the distribution of electric energy and encourage the conservation of resources, as well as the efforts of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ( FERC ) to encourage cogeneration. This article discusses a number of the issues raised and left unresolved by this federal policy of encouraging the development of cogeneration energy sources. It describes the attraction of cogeneration in an era of rising energy costs, and then goes on to discuss the legislative and administrative responses to the prospect of expanded cogeneration. Finally, it explores the impact of cogeneration on utilities, as well as the efects of the policy on regulatory control of utilities

Requirements for migration of NSSD code systems from LTSS to NLTSS

The purpose of this document is to address the requirements necessary for a successful conversion of the Nuclear Design (ND) application code systems to the NLTSS environment. The ND application code system community can be characterized as large-scale scientific computation carried out on supercomputers. NLTSS is a distributed operating system being developed at LLNL to replace the LTSS system currently in use. The implications of change are examined including a description of the computational environment and users in ND. The discussion then turns to requirements, first in a general way, followed by specific requirements, including a proposal for managing the transition

Probing the dark matter profile of hot clusters and the M-T relation with XMM-Newton

We present results based on XMM-Newton observations of a small sample of hot galaxy clusters. Making a full use of XMM-Newton's spectro-imaging capabilities, we have extracted the radial temperature profile and gas density profile, and with this information, calculated the total mass profile of each cluster (under the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium and spherical symmetry). Comparing the individual scaled total mass profiles, we have probed the Universality of rich cluster mass profiles over a wide range of radii (from 0.01 to 0.7 the virial radius). We have also tested the shape of cluster mass profiles by comparing with the predicted profiles from numerical simulations of hierarchical structure formation. We also derived the local mass-temperature (M-T) scaling relation over a range of temperature going from 4 to 9 keV, that we compare with theoretical predictions.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, Advances in Space Research in press (proceedings of the COSPAR 2004 Assembly, Paris

Transgressive bodies in the work of Julie Doucet, Fabrice Neaud and Jean-Christophe Menu: towards a theory of the 'autobioBD'

As the comic book, and more precisely its exceptionally francophone doppelganger, la bande dessinée, begins to fulfil its potential as 'the Ninth Art', the range of styles, reading contexts, and genres which constitute the form as a signifying practice has consequently expanded. Consideration of 'what a comic is', such as is found in the works of Thierry Groensteen and Benoît Peeters1 needs therefore to be complemented by a range of subsidiary questions addressing not only 'what kinds of comics there are', but, as an integral part of those inquiries, how different comic genres signify, and how the enunciative and representational functions deployed by each might be conceptualised. This paper considers the work of three Francophone comic artists, Fabrice Neaud and Jean-Christophe Menu, both French, and the Québecoise Julie Doucet, all of whom could be considered as proponents of the genre of BD we will call 'autobiocomics'. It will be argued that Neaud and Doucet, through their exploration of ontologies of presence and self-representation, work against the visual order of the phallocentric and heteronormative, an order which Menu appears to replicate but ultimately calls into question

XMM-Newton observations of three poor clusters: Similarity in dark matter and entropy profiles down to low mass

(Abridged) We present an analysis of the mass and entropy profiles of three poor clusters (A1991, A2717 and MKW9) observed with XMM-Newton. The clusters have similar temperatures (kT=2.65, 2.53 and 2.58 keV), and similar redshifts (0.04 < z < 0.06). We trace the surface brightness, temperature, entropy and integrated mass profiles up to 0.5 (0.35 for MKW9) of the virial radius (r_200). The integrated mass profiles are very similar in physical units and are reasonably well fitted with the NFW mass model with concentration parameters of c_200=4-6 and M_200=1.2-1.6 X 10^14 h_70^-1 \msun. The entropy profiles are similar at large scale, but there is some scatter in the central region (r<50 kpc). None of the clusters has an isentropic core. Including XMM data on A1983 (kT=2.2 keV), and A1413 (kT = 6.5 keV), we discuss the structural and scaling properties of cluster mass and entropy profiles. The scaled mass profiles display <20% dispersion in the 0.05 - 0.5 r_200 radial range. The c_200 parameters of these clusters, and other values from the literature, are fully consistent with the c_200 - M_200 relation derived from simulations. The dispersion in scaled entropy profiles is small, implying self-similarity down to low mass (kT ~2 keV), and is reduced by 30-40% (to ~20%) if we use the empirical relation S \propto T^0.65 instead of the standard self-similar relation, S \propto T. The mean scaled profile is well fitted by a power law for 0.05 < r_200 < 0.5, with a slope slightly lower than expected from pure shock heating (\alpha = 0.94+/-0.14), and a normalisation at 0.1 r_200 consistent with previous studies. The gas history thus likely depends both on gravitational processes and the interplay between cooling and various galaxy feedback mechanisms.Comment: Final refereed version to appear in A&A. Minor changes. 15 pages, 12 figures (Figs 1 & 3 low res

The Growth and Survival of Early Instars of \u3ci\u3eBellura Obliqua\u3c/i\u3e (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on \u3ci\u3eTypha Latifolia\u3c/i\u3e and \u3ci\u3eTypha Angustifolia\u3c/i\u3e

Larvae of the noctuid moth Bellura obliqua are frequently encountered on Typha latifolia, but less commonly on Typha angustifolia. Experiments were conducted to compare the growth and survivorship of early B. obliqua instars on the two species of cattail. In short-term growth chamber experiments there were no significant differences in the survivorship, relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), or the efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) between first-instar larvae reared on leaves of the two species. Third-instar larvae fed stems, however, had a greater RGR and higher ECI when reared on T. lalifolia. Differences in growth are apparently not related to differences in hostplant nitrogen or acid-detergent fiber content. In a long term greenhouse experiment, using transplanted cattails, larvae reared on T. latifolia grew somewhat larger and had a significantly higher survival rate than those reared on T. angustifolia. Host plant structure is postulated to influence larval survivorship. Typha is under consideration for use as a bio-energy crop and planting T. angustifolia may help to reduce infestations in cultivated stands